Monday, 8 September 2025

 

📖 Tom Sawyer – Chapter 18: Tom Becomes a Doctor

The long summer days continued, full of play, quarrels, and forgiveness. Tom and Becky were friends again, and Tom felt proud of his bravery. But soon, a new kind of excitement appeared in Tom’s restless mind.

At school, the children often whispered about doctors. A doctor was a mysterious figure who knew strange secrets, cured sickness, and carried shiny instruments. Tom thought being a doctor must be the greatest thing in the world.

One afternoon, Tom met Joe Harper in the yard. “Joe,” he said, “let’s be doctors.”

Joe’s eyes lit up. “Yes! But we don’t have medicines or tools.”

Tom smiled. “We can make our own. I saw Aunt Polly give Sid a spoonful of something bitter yesterday. We’ll make medicines from roots and powders and heal people.”

The boys began their “practice” at once. They crushed flowers, mixed water with chalk dust, and stirred the strange potions in broken bottles. They even used mud, calling it “healing clay.”

At first, their patients were only stray cats and dogs. But soon the boys turned their attention to themselves. Tom gave Joe a spoonful of the muddy mixture. Joe swallowed bravely, then made a face and cried, “It tastes worse than Aunt Polly’s medicine!”

Tom laughed and tried some himself. His stomach churned, and he lay on the ground, groaning loudly. “It works! Doctors must always test their cures,” he said weakly.

The next day, they discovered a new experiment. Tom brought a dead frog he had found by the river. “Doctors study dead things to learn about life,” he explained. With great seriousness, the boys cut the frog open using a pocketknife. They examined its tiny bones and organs as though they were real scientists.

Their classmates soon heard about Tom and Joe’s experiments. Some were frightened, but others were impressed. Becky wrinkled her nose when she saw the frog, but she secretly admired Tom’s courage.

Unfortunately, their fun ended quickly. The schoolmaster discovered the dead frog hidden in Tom’s desk. His face grew red with anger. “Thomas Sawyer!” he thundered. “Is this your doing?”

Tom gulped. He wanted to lie, but then he remembered Becky’s smile when he had taken the blame for her before. Gathering courage, he stood up. “Yes, sir. It was mine.”

The master gave Tom a sharp punishment with the switch, and the children giggled behind their hands. But Tom did not mind too much. For the rest of the day, he was a hero once again.

That evening, Tom told Huck Finn about his adventure. Huck laughed and said, “You’ll never be a real doctor, Tom. Real doctors go to school for years.”

Tom’s eyes shone with excitement. “Maybe one day, Huck. Maybe one day.”


📘 Glossary

  • Quarrels – small arguments or fights

  • Restless – unable to stay still, always looking for something new

  • Potions – mixtures, often thought to have magical or healing powers

  • Churned – moved or shook unpleasantly (like a sick stomach)

  • Groaning – making a low sound of pain

  • Experiment – a scientific test or trial

  • Organs – parts inside the body, like heart or lungs

  • Wrinkled her nose – made a face of dislike or disgust

  • Switch – a thin stick used for punishment

  • Hero – someone admired for courage or brave actions


❓ Comprehension Questions

  1. What new idea excited Tom in this chapter?

  2. Who did Tom ask to be a doctor with him?

  3. What strange ingredients did they use to make medicine?

  4. How did Joe react after tasting the mixture?

  5. What did the boys study to “learn about life”?

  6. How did Becky feel about Tom’s frog experiment?

  7. Who found the frog hidden in Tom’s desk?

  8. What did Tom do when the teacher asked whose frog it was?

  9. How was Tom punished for his actions?

  10. What did Tom dream about when talking to Huck Finn?


✅ Answers

  1. The idea of becoming a doctor.

  2. Joe Harper.

  3. Flowers, chalk dust, water, and mud.

  4. He said it tasted worse than Aunt Polly’s medicine.

  5. A dead frog.

  6. She was disgusted but secretly admired his bravery.

  7. The schoolmaster.

  8. He admitted it was his.

  9. He was punished with the switch.

  10. He dreamed of becoming a real doctor one day.

 

🎯 IELTS Writing Task 2 Question

Some people believe schools should focus on teaching life skills such as communication, financial management, and teamwork. Others argue that academic subjects like mathematics and science are more important for a child’s future.
Discuss both views and give your opinion.




📝 Sample Essay (Band 8–9, 280 words)

In recent years, there has been much debate about whether schools should prioritise life skills or traditional academic subjects. While some argue that practical abilities are essential for success in modern society, others believe that academic knowledge forms the foundation of education. Both perspectives will be considered before presenting my view.

On the one hand, teaching life skills can prepare students for real-world challenges. Subjects like financial literacy, problem-solving, and communication are directly applicable to everyday situations. For example, learning how to budget or manage money equips young people with independence, while teamwork and leadership skills are highly valued in the workplace. Without such abilities, even highly educated individuals may struggle to navigate adult responsibilities.

On the other hand, academic learning remains crucial because it develops intellectual ability and provides access to higher education and specialised careers. Fields such as medicine, engineering, and science rely heavily on theoretical knowledge that cannot be replaced by life skills alone. Moreover, academic study enhances critical thinking and discipline, which are transferable to many aspects of life. For instance, solving complex mathematical problems trains the mind to think logically and systematically.

In my opinion, an effective education system should combine both approaches. Academic subjects are undeniably important, but schools should also integrate practical training to ensure students are fully prepared for adult life. A balanced curriculum would produce not only knowledgeable individuals but also capable, confident citizens.

In conclusion, while academic learning provides intellectual depth and career opportunities, life skills are equally vital for personal development. Schools should aim to deliver both in order to prepare students comprehensively for the future.


🔑 Useful Vocabulary

  • Financial literacy

  • Practical abilities

  • Real-world challenges

  • Highly valued in the workplace

  • Theoretical knowledge

  • Critical thinking

  • Transferable skills

  • Balanced curriculum


🔗 Linking Words

  • Contrast: while, whereas, on the other hand, although

  • Addition: furthermore, in addition, moreover

  • Cause/Effect: therefore, as a result, consequently

  • Examples: for example, for instance, such as

  • Conclusion: in conclusion, overall, to sum up


✍️ Guidelines for Writing This Essay

1. Plan (5 minutes)

  • Identify sides:

    • Life skills: communication, finance, teamwork → useful in daily life & jobs.

    • Academic learning: maths, science → necessary for careers & intellectual growth.

  • Opinion: Both are essential; schools should combine.

  • Outline:

    • Intro (paraphrase + outline)

    • BP1 = life skills

    • BP2 = academic learning

    • BP3 = opinion (balanced)

    • Conclusion


2. Structure

  • Introduction: State both sides + thesis.

  • Body Paragraph 1: Life skills are important (with example).

  • Body Paragraph 2: Academic learning is important (with example).

  • Body Paragraph 3: Your opinion: balance is best.

  • Conclusion: Summarise, restate opinion, no new points.


3. Topic Sentences

  • BP1: “Teaching life skills equips students to deal with real-world challenges more effectively.”

  • BP2: “Despite this, academic knowledge remains the backbone of education and career development.”

  • BP3: “In reality, the best approach is a balance of both academic learning and life skills.”


4. Tips

  • Always show balance — acknowledge both sides.

  • Use formal vocabulary (avoid words like kids, stuff, a lot).

  • Insert specific examples to illustrate ideas.

  • Keep paragraphs clear and focused, one idea per paragraph.

  • Proofread to check linking words and grammar variety.

Friday, 5 September 2025

 

📝 How to Write a Great IELTS Writing Task 2 Essay

A step-by-step guide for success


1. Understanding the Task

IELTS Writing Task 2 asks you to write an essay of at least 250 words in about 40 minutes. The essay will be on an academic or general interest topic. Typical question types include:

  • Opinion (agree/disagree)

  • Discussion (both views + your opinion)

  • Problem/solution

  • Advantages/disadvantages

  • Mixed types (e.g. discuss both views + give opinion).

Your essay is marked in four areas:

  1. Task Response – answering the question fully.

  2. Coherence and Cohesion – clear structure, linking ideas.

  3. Lexical Resource – range and accuracy of vocabulary.

  4. Grammatical Range and Accuracy – correct use of grammar, variety of structures.


2. Step One: Plan Your Essay (5–7 minutes)

Planning saves time and raises your score. Without a plan, essays often become disorganised or repetitive.

Steps in planning:

  1. Analyse the question carefully

    • Identify keywords: “long-distance flights,” “cars,” “environmental impact.”

    • Identify task: “Discuss both views and give your opinion.”

  2. Generate ideas quickly

    • Flights: more emissions per trip, released in upper atmosphere, global travel increasing.

    • Cars: daily usage worldwide, cumulative emissions, urban pollution, health effects.

  3. Choose your opinion

    • Example: Cars are the bigger problem because they are used every day by billions of people.

  4. Decide structure

    • Introduction

    • Body Paragraph 1: Flights

    • Body Paragraph 2: Cars

    • Body Paragraph 3: Your opinion / balance

    • Conclusion


3. Writing the Introduction

Your introduction should be short (40–50 words) and do two things:

  1. Paraphrase the question.

  2. Outline what the essay will do.

Example (for our transport topic):
The environmental impact of transportation has become a major concern. Some argue that air travel is more damaging, while others believe cars cause greater harm. This essay will discuss both perspectives before presenting my own view.


4. Structuring Body Paragraphs

Each body paragraph must have:

  • A clear topic sentence – tells the reader what the paragraph is about.

  • Supporting sentences – explain and develop the idea.

  • An example – makes the point concrete.

  • Linking words – guide the reader.


4.1 Body Paragraph 1 – First View

Topic sentence:
Air travel undeniably produces significant emissions and has a powerful impact on the climate.

Support:

  • A single international flight can generate more carbon dioxide than months of driving.

  • Pollutants are released in the upper atmosphere, where they intensify warming.

Example:
For instance, research shows that a London–New York return flight produces over 1.5 tonnes of CO₂ per passenger.

Linking words (contrast):

  • However, on the other hand, while, whereas.


4.2 Body Paragraph 2 – Opposite View

Topic sentence:
Cars, however, represent a more consistent and widespread source of environmental damage.

Support:

  • Billions of journeys occur daily, often with one passenger.

  • Urban areas suffer from smog and air pollution, harming health.

Example:
In cities like Delhi or Los Angeles, car emissions are the main cause of poor air quality and respiratory illness.

Linking words (addition):

  • In addition, furthermore, moreover, not only… but also.


4.3 Body Paragraph 3 – Your Opinion (Balanced)

Topic sentence:
Although both forms of transport are problematic, I believe cars are a more pressing issue because of their frequency of use.

Support:

  • Cutting flights may help globally, but changing car habits offers immediate results.

  • Solutions: public transport, cycling, electric vehicles.

Example:
For example, cities that invest in underground trains, such as Tokyo, successfully reduce car dependency and emissions.

Linking words (cause/effect):

  • As a result, therefore, thus, consequently.


5. Writing the Conclusion

The conclusion should:

  • Summarise main points (not repeat word for word).

  • State opinion clearly (if required).

  • Avoid introducing new ideas.

Example:
In conclusion, although flights release large amounts of carbon dioxide, cars contribute more consistently to environmental damage due to their widespread use. Therefore, governments and individuals must focus on reducing reliance on personal vehicles while also addressing aviation emissions.


6. Linking Words for Essays

Using a variety of linking words shows good cohesion.

  • Contrast: while, whereas, however, on the other hand.

  • Addition: moreover, furthermore, in addition, not only… but also.

  • Cause/Effect: as a result, therefore, thus, consequently.

  • Examples: for instance, for example, such as, to illustrate.

  • Summing up: in conclusion, overall, to sum up, in summary.


7. Formal Language

  • Avoid contractions: use “do not” instead of “don’t.”

  • Avoid informal words: say “children” not “kids,” “significant” not “big.”

  • Use academic verbs: demonstrates, illustrates, indicates, suggests.

  • Avoid personal anecdotes: use general or research-based examples.


8. Balance in Essays

A high-scoring essay must show that you can:

  • Discuss both positive and negative sides.

  • Use a measured tone (not extreme).

Poor balance:
“Flights are terrible and must be banned immediately.”

Better balance:
“While flights do produce large emissions, cars are a more pressing concern because they are used daily by billions of people.”


9. Example of a Well-Planned Essay

Plan:

  • Intro: Transport harms environment; compare flights vs cars.

  • BP1: Flights worse – per passenger emissions, upper atmosphere.

  • BP2: Cars worse – everyday use, health impact.

  • BP3: Opinion – cars are more urgent issue, but both matter.

  • Conclusion: Summarise, restate opinion.

Skeleton:

  1. Intro – paraphrase + outline.

  2. BP1 – flights harmful (evidence + example).

  3. BP2 – cars harmful (evidence + example).

  4. BP3 – my opinion: cars more urgent.

  5. Conclusion – restate, no new points.


10. Common Mistakes to Avoid

  • ❌ Writing fewer than 250 words.

  • ❌ Forgetting an overview or opinion.

  • ❌ Using informal language.

  • ❌ Listing numbers or ideas without explanation.

  • ❌ Adding new ideas in the conclusion.

  • ❌ Poor time management (no plan, weak structure).


11. Final Checklist for Task 2

Before finishing your essay, ask:

  • ✅ Have I answered all parts of the question?

  • ✅ Do I have a clear introduction, body, and conclusion?

  • ✅ Have I used linking words correctly?

  • ✅ Have I balanced both sides?

  • ✅ Have I used a range of vocabulary and grammar?

  • ✅ Is my language formal and academic?

  • ✅ Is my conclusion short and focused?

  ✦ IELTS Topic: Linking Words for Purpose – 10 Useful Phrases In order to e.g., I study every day in order to improve my English. So ...