Wednesday, 27 August 2025

 

📖 Tom Sawyer – Chapter 9 (Adapted for English Learners)

Title: A Secret Oath

Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn could not sleep after what they had seen in the graveyard. Every time they closed their eyes, they saw Doctor Robinson lying dead, and Injun Joe’s fierce eyes shining in the moonlight.

The boys met early the next morning behind the old sawmill, away from everyone’s eyes. They were pale and nervous, whispering instead of speaking out loud.

 

“Huck, we’re in awful trouble,” Tom said.
“Awful? It’s worse than awful,” Huck replied. “If Injun Joe ever finds out we saw him, we’re dead men.”

They both sat in silence, shaking their heads.

“What’ll we do, Huck?” Tom asked finally.
“We swear never to tell,” Huck said. “If we keep our mouths shut, we’ll be safe.”

The two boys agreed that this was the only way. They decided to take a blood oath, the most serious kind of promise they knew.


The Blood Oath

They found a broken piece of board and used a rusty nail to scratch their words into it:

We, Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn, swear that we will never tell about this night at the graveyard. If we do, may we drop dead and rot.

Then they each pricked their finger with the nail and pressed them together until the blood mixed. It was painful, but it made the oath real.

“Now it’s done,” Tom said solemnly.
“Forever,” Huck agreed.


Poor Muff Potter

Later that morning, the town was full of talk. Everyone had heard the news: Doctor Robinson was dead, and Muff Potter was in jail, accused of the murder.

Tom and Huck listened silently as people discussed it in the street. Most said it was no surprise. Muff was always drunk, always getting into trouble. But a few people said they couldn’t believe Muff was a killer.

Tom’s heart ached. He and Huck knew Muff was innocent. But the oath bound them. They couldn’t say a word.

That afternoon, the boys crept to the edge of the jail. Through the bars they saw Muff sitting on a wooden bench, his face sad but strangely calm.

“Boys,” Muff said kindly, “you’ve been good friends to me. Don’t stop visiting, will you?”

Tom nearly burst into tears. He wanted to shout the truth, but Huck gripped his arm. The oath was stronger than their courage. They walked away silently.


Guilt and Fear

That night, Tom tossed and turned in bed. He dreamed of the graveyard again and again. Each time he saw Injun Joe’s cruel smile. He woke up sweating.

He wanted to tell Aunt Polly, or Sid, or anyone. But the words of the oath echoed in his ears: If we tell, may we drop dead and rot.

The fear and guilt grew heavier each day. Tom became quieter, and Aunt Polly noticed his pale face and worried eyes. She thought he was sick.

But Tom’s sickness was in his heart, not his body. He was carrying a terrible secret—and he didn’t know how long he could bear it.


📘 Glossary

WordMeaning
OathA very serious promise
Blood oathA promise made by mixing blood as a sign of loyalty
RotTo decay, to break down like something dead
InnocentNot guilty of a crime
AccusedSaid to have committed a crime, but not proven
GuiltA bad feeling when you know you’ve done wrong
Tossed and turnedCould not sleep, moving around in bed
BearTo carry or endure something difficult

❓ Comprehension Questions

  1. Why couldn’t Tom and Huck sleep after the graveyard?

  2. What kind of oath did they take, and how did they make it?

  3. Who was accused of the murder?

  4. How did Muff Potter react to the boys visiting him in jail?

  5. Why couldn’t Tom and Huck tell the truth?

  6. How did keeping the secret affect Tom?


✅ Answers

  1. Because they kept remembering the murder they had seen.

  2. A blood oath—they pricked their fingers and mixed their blood.

  3. Muff Potter.

  4. He thanked them kindly and asked them to keep visiting.

  5. Because they were too afraid of Injun Joe and bound by the oath.

  6. He became pale, quiet, and full of guilt and fear.

Monday, 25 August 2025

 

IELTS Topic: Linking Words for Reason – 10 Useful Phrases

  1. Because
    e.g., I stayed home because it was raining heavily.

  2. Since
    e.g., Since you’re here early, we can start the meeting now.

  3. As
    e.g., I didn’t go out, as I was feeling tired.

  4. Due to
    e.g., The match was cancelled due to heavy snow.

  5. Owing to
    e.g., Owing to his illness, he missed the class.

  6. Because of
    e.g., The flight was delayed because of strong winds.

  7. For this reason
    e.g., She studied hard. For this reason, she passed the exam.

  8. As a result of
    e.g., The river overflowed as a result of torrential rain.

  9. So that
    e.g., I spoke slowly so that everyone could understand me.

  10. So as to
    e.g., He whispered so as to not wake the baby.


Why These Words Are Important in IELTS

  • They help you explain causes and effects, which is crucial in both Writing Task 2 and Speaking Part 3.

  • They improve Coherence & Cohesion by clearly linking ideas.

  • They allow you to show variety in vocabulary and grammar, boosting your Band score.

Without them, your answers may sound flat or incomplete.


IELTS Speaking Practice – Linking Words for Reason

Part 1: Introduction & Interview

  1. Why do you study English?

  2. Why do you enjoy your favourite hobby?

  3. Why do people in your country like shopping?

  4. Why do students use the internet?

  5. Why do some people prefer cities over villages?


Part 2: Cue Card

Describe a decision you made for a specific reason.
You should say:

  • what the decision was

  • why you made it

  • what the result was
    and use at least three linking words for reason.


Sample Answers Using the Phrases

Part 1

  1. I study English because it’s important for my career.

  2. I love football since it helps me stay fit.

  3. People shop a lot owing to the many modern malls available.

  4. Students use the internet so that they can find information quickly.

  5. Some prefer cities because of the job opportunities.


Part 2 Sample Answer
One important decision I made was moving abroad to study. I chose this because I wanted international experience. As a result of this choice, I had to learn to be more independent. I also studied hard, so as to achieve good grades. For this reason, I now feel more confident about my future career.


Comprehension Test: Linking Words for Reason

1. "I stayed home because it was raining heavily."
Q: Why did the speaker stay home?

2. "Since you’re here early, we can start the meeting now."
Q: What allowed them to start the meeting?

3. "I didn’t go out, as I was feeling tired."
Q: Why didn’t the speaker go out?

4. "The match was cancelled due to heavy snow."
Q: What caused the cancellation?

5. "Owing to his illness, he missed the class."
Q: Why did he miss the class?

6. "The flight was delayed because of strong winds."
Q: Why was the flight delayed?

7. "She studied hard. For this reason, she passed the exam."
Q: Why did she pass the exam?

8. "The river overflowed as a result of torrential rain."
Q: What caused the river to overflow?

9. "I spoke slowly so that everyone could understand me."
Q: Why did the speaker speak slowly?

10. "He whispered so as to not wake the baby."
Q: Why did he whisper?


Answer Key

  1. Because of heavy rain.

  2. Arriving early.

  3. Because he was tired.

  4. Heavy snow.

  5. His illness.

  6. Strong winds.

  7. Because she studied hard.

  8. Torrential rain.

  9. So everyone could understand.

  10. To avoid waking the baby.

 

📖 Tom Sawyer – Chapter 8 (Adapted for English Learners)

Title: In the Graveyard at Midnight

That night, Tom Sawyer could not stop thinking about what Huck Finn had told him. Huck believed a dead cat could cure warts. The idea seemed foolish, but Tom loved strange adventures, and he agreed to meet Huck at the graveyard at midnight.

The night was dark and silent. A full moon shone through the clouds, lighting the old gravestones with a pale glow. Tom arrived first, carrying a small lantern hidden under his jacket. A few minutes later, Huck appeared, barefoot and carrying the dead cat tied to a string.

“Got your cat?” Tom whispered.
“Sure,” said Huck. “This is going to work—you’ll see.”

The two boys crouched behind tall gravestones. The graveyard was a frightening place at night, with shadows that looked like ghosts and the hoot of owls in the trees. Huck explained the superstition again: if you took a dead cat to a graveyard at midnight and said the right words, the cat would cure warts by taking them away to the devil.

Tom shivered with excitement and fear. “Let’s try it.”

But before they could begin, the boys heard voices. They froze. The sound of footsteps crunched on the gravel path. Tom blew out the lantern quickly, and the boys hid behind a large gravestone.

Three men entered the graveyard. One was Muff Potter, a kind but foolish man, always half-drunk. The second was Injun Joe, a dark and dangerous figure known in town for his bad temper. The third was Doctor Robinson, a young man from the village.

The men carried shovels and a lantern. They stopped at a new grave and began to dig. Tom and Huck stared in horror as the men lifted out the coffin and opened it. Doctor Robinson ordered Muff and Injun Joe to lift the body.

“Why should we do the hard work?” complained Injun Joe. “You think you’re better than us!”

“Be quiet and do as I say,” the doctor replied sharply.

Muff Potter laughed nervously, but Injun Joe grew angrier. “Five years ago, your father whipped me out of town like a dog. Tonight I’ll have my revenge!”

Before Muff could react, Injun Joe grabbed Muff’s knife. With a quick, terrible movement, he struck Doctor Robinson. The doctor fell to the ground, dead.

Tom and Huck nearly screamed, but fear kept them silent. Their hearts pounded as they watched the horror unfold.

Muff Potter, confused and drunk, stared at the dead man. Injun Joe quickly placed the bloody knife into Muff’s hand. “You did this, Muff. You killed him in anger.”

“I… I don’t remember,” stammered Muff. His head swam with drink.

Tom and Huck knew the truth—but they were too terrified to move. They crept backward, then ran as fast as their legs could carry them out of the graveyard. They did not stop until they reached the safety of Tom’s backyard. Both boys were pale, shaking with fear.

“We saw a murder, Huck!” Tom gasped.
“We can’t ever tell anyone,” Huck replied. “If Injun Joe finds out, he’ll kill us too.”

The boys swore an oath, right then and there, never to speak of what they had seen. They sealed the oath by pricking their fingers and mixing the blood—a solemn promise between them.

But deep inside, both knew they would never forget that terrible night in the graveyard.


📘 Glossary

WordMeaning
GravestoneA stone marking a grave
SuperstitionA belief not based on science, often about magic or luck
CoffinA box used for burying a dead body
RevengePunishment or harm against someone who hurt you
StammeredSpoke with pauses or repeating sounds because of fear or nerves
OathA very serious promise
PaleLight-colored face, often from fear or illness
TerrifiedExtremely afraid

❓ Comprehension Questions

  1. Why did Tom and Huck go to the graveyard at midnight?

  2. What did Huck say a dead cat could do?

  3. Who were the three men that entered the graveyard?

  4. What happened between Injun Joe and Doctor Robinson?

  5. How did Injun Joe make Muff Potter look guilty?

  6. What oath did Tom and Huck swear?

  7. How did the boys feel after the incident?


✅ Answers

  1. To test the superstition that a dead cat could cure warts.

  2. He said it could cure warts by taking them away to the devil.

  3. Muff Potter, Injun Joe, and Doctor Robinson.

  4. Injun Joe attacked and killed Doctor Robinson.

  5. He placed the bloody knife into Muff Potter’s hand.

  6. They swore never to tell anyone what they had seen.

  7. They were terrified, pale, and shaken, but they knew they would never forget.

  ✦ IELTS Topic: Linking Words for Purpose – 10 Useful Phrases In order to e.g., I study every day in order to improve my English. So ...